[25] His body was quartered and its parts were displayed at the gates of the forts of Esztergom, Győr, Gyulafehérvár (Alba Iulia, Romania) and Veszprém in order to threaten all of those who were conspiring against the young monarch. Having completed the office of Vespers the third day, everyone expected the favors of divine mercy through the merit of the blessed man; suddenly with Christ visiting his masses, the signs of miracles poured forth from heaven throughout the whole of the holy house. King St Stephen has been a popular theme in Hungarian poetry since the end of the 13th century. Given the birth name Vajk, he was born to the leader of the Magyars, Grand Prince Geza, and Charlotte, his wife circa 975 at Esztergom built aside the Danube River. Of all the possessions of the old kingdom of Hungary, none was more valued than what was called the Crown of St. Stephen, so called from one, which had, in the year 1000, been presented by Pope Sylvester II to Stephen, the second Christian Duke, and first King of Hungary. The Magyars were a … [72] Although the Hungarians' conversion had already begun in his father's reign, it was only Stephen who systematically forced his subjects to give up their pagan rituals. Seventeen years later, in 2000, Szörényi composed a sequel called Veled, Uram! For the first-century martyr, see, King of the Hungarians, King of the Pannonians, Portrayal of Stephen I on the Hungarian coronation pall from 1031, Wars with Poland and Bulgaria (c. 1009–1018), Conflicts with the Holy Roman Empire (1024–1031), "Calendarium Romanum" (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 1969), pp. 98 and 135, "Calendarium Romanum" (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), pp. He survived all of his children, dying on 15 August 1038, and was buried in his new basilica, built in Székesfehérvár and dedicated to the Holy Virgin. Family [55] According to later Hungarian tradition, he was crowned on the first day of the second millennium, which may refer either to 25 December 1000 or to 1 January 1001. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Stephen-I-king-of-Hungary, Eternal Word Television Network - Biography of Saint Stephen of Hungary. In Hungary, his feast day (celebrated on 20 August) is also a public holiday commemorating the foundation of the state, known as State Foundation Day. [164], His successors, including those descended from Vazul, were eager to emphasize their devotion to Stephen's achievements. Stephen has always been considered one of the most important statesmen in the history of Hungary. [34][44][45], Stephen occupied Koppány's duchy and granted large estates to his own partisans. [62] Stephen's portrait, preserved on his royal cloak from 1031, shows that his crown, like the Holy Roman Emperor's diadem, was a hoop crown decorated with gemstones. [65] His Legend from the early 12th century describes him as a saintly prince who preserved his chastity even during his marriage. Stephen fell ill and was taken to the Csepel Island. [21] Gisela was accompanied to her new home by Bavarian knights, many of whom received land grants from her husband and settled in Hungary,[26] helping to strengthen Stephen's military position. Consequently, an icon of St. Stephen of Hungary, depicting him in the Eastern tradition, was placed in St. Stephen of Hungary Roman Catholic Church in New York City. [76] Györffy states that the law book was issued, not after 1031, but around 1009. [184], Stephen's cult spread beyond the borders of Hungary. [2][15] Stephen's Greater Legend narrates that he was baptized by the saintly Bishop Adalbert of Prague,[15] who stayed in Géza's court several times between 983 and 994. Stephen as well as his son Emeric, were canonized as saints in 1083. [192], According to Stephen's Greater Legend, the king "himself compiled a book for his son on moral education". Apr 2, 2014 Saint Stephen is recognized as a saint and the first martyr in Christian theology. [96] The latter attended the meeting in Győr where the royal charter determining the borders of the newly established Bishopric of Pécs was issued on 23 August 1009. [35] Stephen, who, according to the Illuminated Chronicle, "was for the first time girded with his sword",[38] placed the brothers Hont and Pázmány at the head of his own guard and nominated Vecelin to lead the royal army. In, "Pope Gregory VII's letter to King Solomon of Hungary, claiming suzerainty over that kingdom". [177] The opening of Stephen's tomb was followed by the occurrence of healing miracles, according to Stephen's legends. At the age of twenty Stephen married Gisela, the sister of the Emperor St… [170] Upon the liberation of Buda from the Ottoman Turks, Pope Innocent XI expanded King Saint Stephen's cult to the entire Roman Catholic Church in 1686,[170] and declared 2 September his feast day. Somehow the nation survived intact (despite greedy neighbors and internal dissensions) for forty years, after which time God granted them another holy … After the death of his father (997), Stephen combated an insurrection led by his older cousin, Koppány, who claimed the throne in accordance with Árpád succession rules. But Emeric died before Stephen, after a hunting accident in 1031. However, dearest son, even now in our kingdom the Church is proclaimed as young and newly planted; and for that reason she needs more prudent and trustworthy guardians lest a benefit which the divine mercy bestowed on us undeservedly should be destroyed and annihilated through your idleness, indolence or neglect. [121][135] He also persuaded the Bavarians to proclaim his own son, Henry, as their duke in 1027, although Stephen's son Emeric had a strong claim to the Duchy of Bavaria through his mother. [110] The Poles occupied the Hungarian posts along the river Morava. [125] Regular minting of coinage began in Hungary in the 1020s. [52] However, the exact circumstances of his coronation and its political consequences are subject to scholarly debate. [172], Stephen's canonization was initiated by Vazul's grandson, King Ladislaus I of Hungary, who had consolidated his authority by capturing and imprisoning his cousin, Solomon. Disturbed on this account Emperor Conrad came upon the Hungarians with a great army. His death was followed by civil wars which lasted for decades. [54] Although scholars debate whether it can actually be attributed to the king or a cleric, most of them agree that it was composed in the first decades of the 11th century. Stephen is Hungary’s patron saint. The order is named after Hungary's most famous king, Stephen I, whose reign (997–1038) was marked by his consolidation of the monarchy, the establishment of the medieval state of Hungary, and his adoption of Christianity as the state religion. [113] The Byzantine and Hungarian troops jointly took "Cesaries" which Györffy identifies as the present-day town of Ohrid. The year of his birth is uncertain, but many details of his life suggest that he was born in, or after, 975, in Esztergom. [183] He was also a "confessor king", one who had not suffered martyrdom, whose cult was sanctioned, in contrast with earlier holy monarchs. [129] The conflict arose when Ajtony, who "had taken his power from the Greeks", according to Saint Gerard's legend, levied tax on the salt transported to Stephen on the river. On Christmas Day, 1000 ce, Stephen was anointed king of Hungary. [63] According to the contemporaneous Adémar de Chabannes, a spear had been given to Stephen's father by Emperor Otto III as a token of Géza's right to "enjoy the most freedom in the possession of his country". [153][154] The instability ended in 1077 when Ladislaus, a grandson of Vazul, ascended the throne. [198] According to musician James M. Keller, "[t]he descending unisons that open the King Stephen Overture would seem to prefigure the opening of the Ninth Symphony; ... [a]nd then a later theme, introduced by flutes and clarinets, seems almost to be a variation ... of the famous Ode 'To Joy' melody of the Ninth Symphony's finale". [58][106] Even when Henry II's discontented brother, Bruno, sought refuge in Hungary in 1004, Stephen preserved the peace with Germany and negotiated a settlement between his two brothers-in-law. [165] Although Vazul's son, Andrew I of Hungary, secured the throne due to a pagan uprising, he prohibited pagan rites and declared that his subjects should "live in all things according to the law which King St. Stephen had taught them", according to the 14th-century Illuminated Chronicle. [165][166] In medieval Hungary, communities that claimed a privileged status or attempted to preserve their own "liberties" often declared that the origin of their special status was to be attributed to King Saint Stephen. [114] Leodvin's report suggests that Stephen joined the Byzantines in the war ending with their conquest of Bulgaria in 1018. [80] Stephen invaded Transylvania and seized Gyula and his family around 1002[81][82] or in 1003. Therefore, those nobles who revolted against St. Stephen were enemies of the eternal salvation of the Hungarian people. He was canonized by Pope Gregory VII, together with his son, Emeric, and Bishop Gerard of Csanád, in 1083. St. Stephen of Hungary was a husband and father, and a great reforming king. [93] Györffy locates their lands to the east of the river Tisza;[94] while Thoroczkay says they live in the southern parts of Transdanubia. [51] He also decided to strengthen his international status by adopting the title of king. St. Stephen's Day may be called "the day of the new bread" as it is a tradition to cut bread on this day to celebrate the arrival of the harvest. [170] Initially, he was primarily venerated in Scheyern and Bamberg, in Bavaria, but his relics were also taken to Aachen, Cologne, Montecassino and Namur. He was buried alongside his son St. Emeric, and the two were canonized together in 1083. more_horiz. [121] Stephen also established a number of Benedictine monasteries—including the abbeys at Pécsvárad, Zalavár and Bakonybél[127]—in this period. [30] Stephen's ascension to the throne was in line with the principle of primogeniture, which prescribed that a father was succeeded by his son. [7], The transformation of Hungary into a Christian state was one of Stephen's principal concerns throughout his reign. [48] If the latter report is valid, the dioceses of Veszprém and Győr are the most probable candidates, according to historian Gábor Thoroczkay. [126], Stephen convinced some pilgrims and merchants to settle in Hungary. [197] The earliest poems were religious hymns which portrayed the holy king as the apostle of the Hungarians. Be obedient to me, my son. [65] He died as a child. [25][53] For instance, none of his charters were dated according to the years of the reign of the contemporary emperors, which would have been the case if he had been their vassal. [104], Stephen's brother-in-law, Henry II, became King of Germany in 1002 and Holy Roman Emperor in 1013. Not much is known about Saint Stephen's origin. When Saint Stephen was about to die, he summoned the bishops and nobles, and told them to choose his successor. Stephen I, also known as King Saint Stephen (Hungarian: Szent István király [ˌsænt ˈiʃtvaːn kiraːj]; Latin: Sanctus Stephanus; Slovak: Štefan I. or Štefan Veľký; c. 975 – 15 August 1038 AD), was the last Grand Prince of the Hungarians between 997 and 1000 or 1001, and the first King of Hungary from 1000 or 1001, until his death in 1038. Stephen is venerated as the patron saint of Hungary, protector of kings. [190] Bishop Hartvic described the discovery of Stephen's right hand in accordance with this tradition, referring to adventures and visions. After the death of his father (997), Stephen combated an insurrection led by his older cousin, Koppány, who claimed the throne in accordance with Árpád succession rules. [56] Modern historians—including Pál Engel, and Miklós Molnár—write that Stephen always asserted his sovereignty and never accepted papal or imperial suzerainty. He was a son of the Hungarian chief Géza and was baptized, together with his father, by Archbishop St. Adalbert of Prague in 985, on which occasion he changed his heathen name Vaik (Vojk) into Stephen… His peaceful succession showed the effectiveness of the measures Coloman had implemented to prevent Álmos from usurping the throne. [80] Accordingly, historians date the establishment of the Diocese of Transylvania to this period. Stephen was crowned king by Archbishop Lawrence of Esztergom in Székesfehérvár within thirty days of his father's death. [54][195], The Admonitions argues that kingship is inseparably connected with the Catholic faith. Stephen organized his kingdom on German models. [200] In 1983, Levente Szörényi and János Bródy composed a rock opera—István, a király ("Stephen, the King")—about the early years of his reign. [201], "King Saint Stephen", "Stephen of Hungary", and "Szent István" redirect here. [21][157] She left Hungary in 1045 and died as Abbess of the Niedernburg Abbey in Passau in Bavaria around 1060. [25][28][32], Koppány proposed to Géza's widow, Sarolt, in accordance with the pagan custom of levirate marriage. [28][46] He also prescribed that Koppány's former subjects were to pay tithes to the Pannonhalma Archabbey, according to the deed of the foundation of this monastery which has been preserved in a manuscript containing interpolations. [29] Although it is not impossible that Koppány had already been baptized, in 972,[29] most of his supporters were pagans, opponents of the Christianity represented by Stephen and his predominantly German retinue. The Holy Dexter was kept for centuries in the Szentjobb Abbey, except during the Mongol invasion of 1241 and 1242, when it was transferred to Ragusa (now Dubrovnik, Croatia). [137][139] However, according to the Annals of Niederalteich, the emperor, suffering from consequences of the scorched earth tactics used by the Hungarian army,[140] returned to Germany "without an army and without achieving anything, because the army was threatened by starvation and was captured by the Hungarians at Vienna". He was condemned for committing blasphemy against the Jewish Temple, and was stoned to … Initially, he only controlled the northwestern regions of the Carpathian Basin; the rest of the territory was still dominated by tribal chieftains. [152] He was buried in the basilica of Székesfehérvár. He encouraged the spread of Christianity by meting out severe punishments for ignoring Christian customs. St. Stephen of Hungary (975-1038) played an important role in Christianizing his country. He made the road safe for everyone, welcomed as brothers all he saw and gave them enormous gifts. [131] According to the Annales Posonienses, the Venetian Gerard was consecrated as the first bishop of the new diocese in 1030. After Germany defeated Hungary in 955, Geyza realized that the loosely knit and feuding people of Hungary had to unite and adopt European ways. Its guardian was lord Prokui, an uncle of the Hungarian king. [174] Stephen's legends also say that his "balsam-scented" remains were elevated from the coffin, which was filled with "rose-colored water", on 20 August. [95], The Diocese of Eger was also set up around 1009. Significance to Hungarians. Then he urged them to nurture and cherish the Catholic Church, which was still as a tender plant in Hungary, to follow justice, humility, and charity, to be obedient to the laws, and to show ever a reverent submission to the Holy See. [14][80] The contemporary Annals of Hildesheim[82] adds that Stephen converted his uncle's "country to the Christian faith by force" after its conquest. The date of his baptism is unknown. [180] It provided an idealized portrait of the king,[181] one who dedicated himself and his kingdom to the Virgin Mary. Updates? [58] Their friendly relationship ensured that the western borders of Hungary experienced a period of peace in the first decades of the 11th century. [2] Kristó says that the latter remark only refers to Stephen's physical training, including his participation in hunts and military actions. Most of his children had died as infants, and his one adult son, his presumptive heir, died in a hunting accident … [133] He was succeeded by a distant relative,[134] Conrad II (r. 1024–1039), who adopted an offensive foreign policy. [53] On the other hand, all of Stephen's legends emphasize that he received his crown from Pope Sylvester II (r. When King Saint Stephen died on Assumption Day, 1038, the young commonwealth was plunged once more into disorder. [2] His two other late 11th-century hagiographies do not mention any grammatical studies, stating only that he "was brought up by receiving an education appropriate for a little prince". Although both of his parents were baptized, Stephen was the first member of his family to become a devout Christian. [6][7], Hungarian chronicles agree that Stephen's mother was Sarolt, daughter of Gyula, a Hungarian chieftain with jurisdiction either in Transylvania or in the wider region of the confluence of the rivers Tisza and Maros. [41] Hont and Pázmány were, according to Simon of Kéza's Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum and the Illuminated Chronicle, "knights of Swabian origin"[42] who settled in Hungary either under Géza or in the first years of Stephen's reign. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [119] After the death of his son, the elderly King could never "fully regain his former health",[145] according to the Illuminated Chronicle. [189] The relic was then taken to Székesfehérvár around 1420. [169][170] However, there is no evidence that Stephen became an object of veneration before his canonization. [149] His reign was followed by a long period of civil wars, pagan uprisings and foreign invasions. He strong-armed many of the nobles into unity and sent for Christian teachers from the west. Finally, since 1950, the Holy Dexter has been in St. Stephen's Basilica in Budapest. ("You, Sir"). He died on 28 March 1134, and was buried in the tomb of Alberic, his predecessor, in the cloisters at Cîteaux. [21] Györffy also writes, without identifying his source, that Géza appointed his son to rule the "Nyitra ducate" around that time. 999–1003). After succeeding his father in 997, Stephen had to fight for the throne against his relative, Koppány, who was supported by large numbers of pagan warriors. [82][69] If the identification, proposed by Kristó, Györffy and other Hungarian historians, of Gyula with one Prokui—who was Stephen's uncle according to Thietmar of Merseburg—is valid,[83] Gyula later escaped from captivity and fled to Bolesław I the Brave, Duke of Poland (r. The Life of Saint Stephen . [19], According to Stephen's legends, Grand Prince Géza convoked an assembly of the Hungarian chieftains and warriors when Stephen "ascended to the first stage of adolescence",[18] at the age of 14 or 15. ***Samuel Aba might have been the son of Stephen's sister instead of her husband. When he was unable to free her, his nephew arranged for her unconditional release, even though he was Prokui's enemy. [192] An annual procession celebrating the relic was instituted in 1938, and continued until 1950, when the procession was forbidden by the Communist government. Stephen defeated Koppány at Veszprém (998) and had him executed as a pagan. [170], Stephen's intact dexter, or right hand (Hungarian: Szent Jobb), became the subject of a cult. King of the exciting drama Thalia Theatre? in Budapest that St. Stephen of Hun-gary, who had been canonized in 1083, was accepted among the saints honored in the Eastern Churches, the first to be so ap-proved by their synod. In, "The Laws of King Stephen I (1000–1038)". Since the Emperor was not able to enter a kingdom so fortified with rivers and forests, he returned, after he had sufficiently avenged his injury with lootings and burnings on the borders of the kingdom; and it was his wish at a more opportune time to complete the things he had begun. St. Stephen, who is justly called the Apostle of the Hungarians, on account of his unwearied zeal in disseminating the true faith, was born in Hungary. [53], Thietmar of Merseburg writes that Stephen received the crown "with the favour and urging"[49] of Emperor Otto III (r. 996–1002),[54] implying that Stephen accepted the Emperor's suzerainty before his coronation. )", A BBC report on Saint Stephen's day celebrations in Hungary, His picture on the Hungarian 10,000 forint banknote, Procession of the Holy Right Hand of St. Stephen on Videoactive. [156] Gisela's mother was Gisela of Burgundy, a member of the Welf dynasty. [115] However, the exact date of his expedition is uncertain. [4][24] This marriage established the first family link between a Hungarian ruler and a Western European ruling house,[25] as Gisela was closely related to the Ottonian dynasty of Holy Roman Emperors. In, This page was last edited on 31 March 2021, at 14:16. In, "Rodulfus Glaber: The Five Books of the Histories" (2002). [54] One of its basic ideas was that a sovereign has to cooperate with the "pillars of his rule", meaning the prelates, aristocrats, ispáns and warriors.[195]. [37], Kristó states that the entire conflict between Stephen and Koppány was only a feud between two members of the Árpád dynasty, with no effect on other Hungarian tribal leaders. In a series of wars against semi-independent tribes and chieftains—including the Black Hungarians and his uncle, Gyula the Younger—he unified the Carpathian Basin. [11][12] However, this identification is not unanimously accepted; historian György Györffy states that it was not Sarolt's father, but his younger brother, who was baptized in the Byzantine capital. [116][136] Conrad II's biographer Wipo of Burgundy narrated that the Bavarians incited skirmishes along the common borders of Hungary and the Holy Roman Empire in 1029, causing a rapid deterioration in relations between the two countries. [91], Likewise, the identification of the "Black Hungarians"[92]—who were mentioned by Bruno of Querfurt and Adémar de Chabannes among the opponents of Stephen's proselytizing policy—is uncertain. Stephen lived on amid disturbing disputes over the succession and even an attempt to assassinate him, until he died eventually on the Feast of the Assumption 15th August 1038, committing his kingdom to Our Lady. [135] Conrad II expelled Doge Otto Orseolo—the husband of Stephen's sister—from Venice in 1026. Why is it, brothers, that his other limbs having become disjointed and, his flesh having been reduced to dust, wholly separated, only the right hand, its skin and sinews adhering to the bones, preserved the beauty of wholeness? [30] Koppány and his troops invaded the northern regions of Transdanubia, took many of Stephen's forts and plundered his lands. [180] Sanctioned in 1201 by Pope Innocent III, Hartvic's work served as Stephen's official legend. Omissions? Grab a copy of our NEW encyclopedia for Kids! Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. [68] Associates of the late Adalbert of Prague, including Radla and Astrik, arrived in Hungary in the first years of his reign. [119][122] Gerard, a Benedictine monk who arrived in Hungary from the Republic of Venice between 1020 and 1026, initially planned to continue his journey to the Holy Land, but decided to stay in the country after his meeting with the king. [146] According to Kristó, the legends refer to a plot in which Vazul participated and his mutilation was a punishment for this act. St. Stephen I Arpád, King of Hungary was born between 969 and 975. For a while it was held in the St. Stephen Basilica in Vienna, named after St. Stephen the Martyr, and later was moved to the Schatzkammer of the Hofburg. (You, Sir! While a ruling class was created, the institution of slavery was left virtually untouched. [168], Stephen's cult emerged after the long period of anarchy characterizing the rule of his immediate successors. [116][136] In the autumn of 1027, the bishop seemingly travelled as a pilgrim, but Stephen, who had been informed of his actual purpose, refused to let him enter into his country. Vince Kiadó and Neumann Kht. [65] All his legends testify that he established an archbishopric with its see in Esztergom shortly after his coronation. Stephen I, also called Saint Stephen, Hungarian Szent István, original name Vajk, (born c. 970–975, Esztergom, Hungary—died August 15, 1038, Esztergom; canonized 1083; feast day August 16), first king of Hungary, who is considered to be the founder of the Hungarian state and one of the most-renowned figures in Hungarian history. 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Minting of coinage began in Hungary in the ensuing battle, Stephen 's coffin could not opened. Oil during the ceremony to go to Jerusalem when King Saint Stephen. composed sequel. Upbringing, and Bishop Gerard of Csanád, in the ensuing battle, Stephen was buried alongside son... Was issued, not only in the cloisters at Cîteaux opening of Stephen 's forts and plundered his lands monastic. Brother-In-Law how did st stephen of hungary die Emperor Henry, died on Aug. 15, 1038 985, Gisela was younger than her,. Land through Hungary across Hungary when travelling between Constantinople and Western Europe and the Holy King as the principal of.
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